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To effectively solve the serious impact of high oil in the kitchen wastewater on the downstream treatment process, an excellent oil-degrading strain Aeromonas allosaccarophila CY-01 was immobilized to prepare Chitosan-Aeromonas pellets (CH-CY01) by using chitosan as a carrier. Oil degradation condition and efficiency of CH-CY01 pellets were assessed. The growth of immobilized CH-CY01 was almost unaffected, and the maximum degradation rate of soybean oil was 89.7%. Especially at 0.5% NaCl concentration, oil degradation efficiency of CH-CY01 was increased by 20% compared with free cells. In the presence of a surfactant (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate) at 1 mg/L, the degradation efficiency of oil by CH-CY01 was increased by 40%. Moreover, using the high-oil catering wastewater as the substrate, more than 80% of the solid oil was degraded with 1% (V/V) CH-CY01 pellets treatment for 7 days, significantly higher than that of free cells. In summary, immobilized CH-CY01 significantly improved the efficiency of oil degradation.
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Aeromonas , Chitosan , Surface-Active Agents , WastewaterABSTRACT
Objective To compare the safety and effectiveness of drug-eluting balloon (DEB) with paclitaxel and drug eluting stent (DES) in treating in-stent restenosis (ISR).Methods The clinical data of a total of 76 patients with ISR,who were admitted to authors' hospital to receive stem implantation during the period from January 2012 to September 2014,were retrospectively analyzed.According to the therapeutic means,the patients were divided into paclitaxel DEB group (n=32) and paclitaxel DES group (n=44).The general clinical information and coronary artery angiography findings were collected.The patients were followed up for one year;the all-cause mortality,cardiac death,myocardial infarction,in-stent thrombosis,target lesion revascularization,target vessel revascularization,and major adverse cardiac events were documented.Results No obvious difference in the general data of patients existed between group DEB and group DES (P＞0.05).The incidences of left anterior descending artery ISR in DEB group and in DES group were 43.75％ and 47.73％ respectively.The ISR target vessel types of the two groups were quite similar (P＞0.05).No statistically significant differences in ISR type,ISR lesion type and characteristics of in-stent restenosis existed between the two groups (P＞0.05).One-year following-up examinations indicated that no statistically significant differences in all-cause mortality,cardiac death,myocardial infarction,in-stent thrombosis,target lesion revascularization,target vessel revascularization,and major adverse cardiac events existed between the two groups (P＞0.05).Further analysis revealed that no significant difference in event-free survival existed between the two groups (P＞0.05).Conclusion For the treatment of ISR,the use of paclitaxel DEB is safe and feasible,its curative effect is not less than DES.
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BACKGROUND: There is no effective method to identify liver cancer stem cells until now, which has become one of the major challenges in this field. OBJECTIVE: To explore a more effective and suitable way for the identification of liver cancer stem cells in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. METHODS: Firstly, the single cell separation technique was used to obtain single cells, which were seeded into 96-wel plates one by one. Secondly, cell sublines derived from single cell colonies (tumorigenic colonies) were selected and obtained. At last, the cells from these clones were transplanted into the forelimb armpits of nude mice to observe the tumorigenic ability. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The number of holes of single cells obtained was 371 by the single cell separation technique, and the success rate was 96.4%. According to the growth of cell clone, tumorigenic colonies were selected to be transplanted to the forelimb armpits of nude mice, and the tumor formation rate of the colonies was 100%. The identification model of single-cell-transplant-tumorigenic-test for liver cancer stem cells is confirmed to be preliminarily established, which lays the technology and methodological basis for the follow-up research.
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BACKGROUND:Until now, little has been reported on establishment of pancreatic stem cell strains and lines,and the purification of pancreatic stem cells is difficult since the cell line establish rate is low.OBJECTIVE:To explore a more rational and effective technique of in vitro separation and continuous passage of pancreatic stem cells, with the hope to establish cell strains and even cell lines and to lay the foundation for the follow-up study of pancreatic stem cells in the treatment of diabetes.METHODS:Firstly, Percoll discontinuous density gradient centrifugation method was applied to separate the mouse pancreatic endocrine portion from the exocrine portion, then to obtain cell strains with highly proliferative ability and low differentiation from pancreatic endocrine portion-the islet. We used mouse embryonic fibroblasts treated with mitomycin C as a feeder layer, for in vitro continuous culture of islet-derived pancreatic stem cells under feeder layer conditions until they were transferred to the 30th passage to establish cell lines. Then pancreatic stem cell line derived from pancreatic islet was detected and identified by a series of tests including growth characteristic test, morphological observation, related molecular marker identification and differentiation characteristic identification.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:In the continuous process of passage, pancreatic stem cells showed active proliferative ability, and maintained the typical morphological characteristics of stem cells and expression of pancreatic stem cell marker-Nestin. After induction, pancreatic stem cells showed insulin gene expression,reflecting their differentiation potential. Therefore, under the condition of feeder layer, the pancreatic stem cell line derived from Kunming mice was successfully established and the related identification was completed,which lays the foundation for the following research.
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Objective To evaluate the schistosomiasis control effect of the measures of replacing cattle with machine for cul?tivation and forbidding depasturage of livestock on marshlands in marshland and lake regions. Methods The retrospective re?view and field survey were implemented in the Jiangling and Gongan counties of Hubei Province where were implemented with the measure of replacing cattle with machine for cultivation,and Yuanjiang and Huarong counties of Hunan Province where were implemented with the measure of forbidding the depasturage of livestock on marshlands. The schistosome infection status of hu?man,cattle,and Oncomelania hupensis snails,and schistosome?infested field excreta were surveyed from 2007 to 2013. The ef?fects of the interventions were compared before and after their implementations. Results The 6 villages of Hubei Province were implemented with the measure of replacing cattle with machine for cultivation,and 7 villages of Hunan Province were imple? mented with the measure of forbidding the depasturage of livestock on marshlands. From 2007 to 2013,the schistosome infection rates of residents declined from 3.95%to 0.70%(χ2 =128.376,P0.05). The infection rate of cattle decreased from 3.66%in 2007 to 0.65%in 2013,and the descend range was 82.24%(χ2=13.692,P<0.05). The field excreta was surveyed in the snail breeding place in 2013. The investigated area was 157.435 hm2, and 625 samples of field feces of cattle were collected with the density of field excreta of 3.97/hm2,and the positive rate was 1.12%(7/625). The schistosome infection rate of snails and the density of infected snails decreased successively from 2007, and no infected snails were detected from 2011 to 2013. Conclusions The schistosomiasis endemic situation are decreased sig?nificantly after the interventions of replacing cattle with machine for cultivation and forbidding the depasturage of livestock on marshlands. Therefore,schistosomiasis control effect of these measures is notable in the marshland and lake regions.
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Objective To establish bladder reflex arc with sensory afferent pathway using SD rats,and evaluate its effect in the treatment of atonic bladder after spinal cord injury.Methods Twenty-four male SD rats were used in the study.For each rat,the right side was the experimental side,and the left side was the control side.In the right side,the L5 ventral root (VR) was anastomosed to S2 VR,and the distal end of S2 dorsal root (DR) was anastomosed to the proximal end of L5 peripheral process of dorsal ganglion.In the left side,no treatment was done.In order to evaluate the validity of the bladder reflex arc,general observation,neuro-electrophysiological test and wheat germ agglutinin horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) method were used before and after the spinal cord destruction between L6 and S2 level at 3 months postoperatively.Results Twenty-one rats survived 3 months after the operation,and anastomotic nerves were separated successfully only in seven rats.Compound action potentials (CAPs) of plexus vesica and compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) of bladder smooth muscle were found by electrical stimulation in distal end of the anastomotic stoma of the right S2 DR.There was no statistically significant difference in action potential before and after paraplegia.No action potential was detected in control sides after paraplegia.The curves of CAPs and CMAPs in the right side were similar to those in the control side,and the mean maximum amplitude reached respectively 71.9％ and 82.4％ of those in the left side before paraplegia.In addition,WGAHRP labeled cells were observed in L5 anterior horn and posterior horn in the experimental side after WGAHRP injection.Conclusion Reconstruction of bladder reflex arc with sensory afferent pathway can promote axonal regeneration of motor and sensory nerves,and then the regenerated axon could contact with cells in anterior and posterior horn of spinal cord through parasympathetic nerves,ultimately the capability of axoplasmic transportation could be reestablished.Therefore,this method can be used for treating atonic bladder.
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Objective To explore the risk factors of newly emerging advanced schistosomiasis patients in endemic areas.Methods The study areas were selected in two counties of Dongting Lake regions and a 1 :2 match case-control study was designed.Sixty schistosomiasis patients,who newly evolved into advanced schistosomiasis from 2006 to 2007,were selected into the case group,and 120 cases with chronic schistosomiasis into the control group.Questionnaires including potential risk factors of advanced schistosomiasis were designed and the information was collected based on face to face interviews.SPSS 12.0 was used to analyze the simple factors and multi ones (logistic regression) attributable to the development of advanced schistosomiasis.Results The history of hepatitis B (OR = 10.729),models of water contact (OR = 3.919) ,yearly exposure days to the infested water (OR = 5.457) and times of chemotherapy in the nearly 10 years(OR = 1.578) were the risk factors of development of advanced schistosomiasis.The times of examinations with positive schistosome eggs were protective factors.No association was found between yearly income,education degree,times of checking for schistosomiasis,times of examination with sera positive results and the emergence of advanced schistosomiasis.Conclusion The high frequency of exposure to the infested water,repeated infections,incomplete diagnosis and treatment are the risk factors of advanced schistosomiasis.The concurrent infection with hepatitis B is associated with the acceleration of development of advanced schistosomiasis.
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Objective To study the compliance of forbidden depasturing livestock on the marshland with Oncomelania snails in schistosomiasis endemic areas. Methods According to 3 levels of human infection rates as > 10% ,5%-10% and <5% , 2 204 residents selected randomly from the schistosomiasis endemic villages were sampled with the stratified cluster sampling method in Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces, and investigated by questionnaire. The contents of the questionnaire included the recognition and implementation of forbidden depasturing livestock on marshland with Oncomelania snails and breeding livestock in bam. Results A total of 78.4% residents agreed forbidden depasturing livestock on marshland with snails, but 3. 7% residents disagreed it. A total of 83. 9% residents considered the relationship between breeding livestock in bam and schistosomiasis control, but 3. 1% residents thought that it was no relationship. The main reasons of depasturing livestock on marshland with Oncomelania snails were the high cost of breeding livestock in bam (36. 2% ) , unaccustomed (26.4% ) and no room for breeding livestock in bam (25.4% ). Conclusion Forbidden depasturing livestock on the marshland with Oncomelania snails should be strengthened according to the local economic, nature environment, agriculture, residents'culture degree and agriculture habit.
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Objective To analyse the effects of Word Bank Loan Schistosomiasis Control Project in Hunan Province from 1992 to 2000. Methods The administrative villages in Hunan endemic areas were divided into heavy, moderate and low zones respectively, based on human infection rates. Control strategies including a major approach of chemotherapy to inhabitants and bovines with praziquantel, complemented with health education as well as snail control by environment modification, were adopted in each endemic zone. Schistosomiasis prevalence surveillance was carried out in 50 moving pilots selected from endemic villages in each zone every year. Results At the beginning of the programm, there were total of 35 endemic counties (cities, districts, farms) and 471 endemic towns in Hunan Province. Up to 2000, 8 endemic counties (farms) reach the transmission interruption criteria, and 25 counties and 300 towns reach the transmission control criteria. Heavy endemic villages decreased from 762 to 271, while moderate endemic villages from 1728 to 1053, and low endemic villages increased from 1447 to 2716. Human infection rates dropped from 11.59% to 5.64%. Conclusion The schistosomiasis epidemic situation decreased obviously after implementing the project in Hunan Province.
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Objective To analyze the schistosomiasis epidemic of 4 national pilots in Dongting Lake regions during 5 years period, and provide references for control strategy and policy making. Methods Four longitudinal monitoring pilots were set up in Dongting Lake regions from 2000 to 2004, and the field work in pilots was carried out based on “National Scheme on Schistosomiasis Epidemic Monitoring”. Results During the monitoring period, the infection rate of Schistosoma japonicum kept at 4% in Dongjia, 5% in Xinshang and over 12% in Quanxing, but in Changjiang, the rate was 8.92% in the first year of monitoring period, and stayed at 4% in the next 4 years. For all pilots, 20-49 age group had the highest infection rate, with the rate in male being higher than that in female and centering on the fishermen, farmers and students in occupation. There was the occurrence of acute and new advanced cases. The infection rate in domestic animals was fluctuated at 20%. There was extensive distribution of infected snails on marshlands outside embankments. Conclusion Schistosomiasis is seriously endemic in Dongting Lake regions, and intensive control measures are necessary.
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Objective To investigate the distribution and characteristics of advanced schistosomi-asis in Hunan Province in order to provide some references for policy making of the control program. Methods The survey scheme of advanced schistosomiasis was made out, in which investigation variables and diagnostic criteria were standardized. The survey was carried out in the whole province. Results There were 5 405 cases of advanced schistosomiasis, reduced by 21. 64% compared with the registration number in the previous files. The prevalence rate was 8. 69/10 000, of which 16. 21% was new cases, 97. 06% were distributed in lake regions and 2. 94% in hilly regions. Of total cases, 78. 70% was located in transmission areas, 15.64% in transmission controlled areas, and 5. 66% in transmission interrupted areas. Cases with splenomegaly made up 59. 4%, ones with ascitis 37. 30% and colonic granulomatous and dwarfism type 3. 16%. Male cases took up 77.39% and female ones 22.61%. In the splenomegaly type 52.24% of patients had performed splenectomy. The youngest case was 14 years old and the oldest 90 years old. Cases of 50-, 60- age group made up 65. 18%, and 32.7% of cases came from 30-, 40-, 70- age group and 2. 09% from the remaining age groups. Farmer took up 87. 58% of all occupations and others occupied 12. 42%. Conclusion The advanced schistosomiasis cases in Hunan Province are showing the falling tendency, although some new cases occur. The main advanced cases come from the farmer in lake regions.